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Her friends, family, and her theatre community worked to provide her with a comfortable and supportive living environment. She has also produced several original translations and adaptations of such plays as Federico Garcia Lorcas Blood Wedding (1980), Pedro Caldern de la Barcas Life is a Dream (1981), Virgilio Pieras Cold Air (1985), and Anton Chekhovs Uncle Vanya (1987). As a writer, she resisted labels, telling The New York Times in 2000, I don't feel any responsibility [to Cubans or Cuban-Americans] at all. It may sound selfish, but in my workshops I teach people to write about whatever comes to their minds. When asked about her work as a lesbian playwright in 1999 by The Advocate, she continued that theme, "Being gay is not like being of another species. Forns, who went by the name "Irene",[1] received nine Obie Theatre Awards[2] in various categories[a] and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Drama for 1990. In Off-Off-Broadway theatre spaces, located in cafes and churches, playwrights like Forns, Lanford Wilson, and Sam Shepherd created experimental, non-commercial, and abstract works, and presented them for audiences who paid little. #Stageworthy News of the Week, Next Wave Festival Review: 300 el x 50 el x 30 el , The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window Review. New Yorker critic Hilton Als wrote in 2010 that she had done "more than her fair share in terms of changing the face of theatre". 84. Obie Awards, American Theatre Wing, n.d. Alfaro, Luis. She said, however, that she was not focused on examining such characters: "Being gay is not like being of another species. Tickets for Workshops are free of charge; however, you must obtain a ticket at the door and seating is limited. She rarely provided easy answers, at times her plays may end with more questions than answers. From 1954 to 1957, Forns lived in Paris, studying to become a painter. In 2000, Forns told, Forns's career as a playwright was sparked by several events. Oct. 31, 2018 Mara Irene Forns, a Cuban-born American playwright whose spare, poetic and emotionally forceful works were hallmarks of experimental theater for four decades, died on Tuesday in. She has received eight Obie awards in such categories as distinguished playwriting and direction and best new play for Promenade (1965), The Successful Life of 3, Fefu and Her Friends, The Danube (1982), Mud, Sarita (1984), The Conduct of Life, and Abingdon Square (1987). "Playwright Mara Irene Forns's production of her play MUD a .. Fefu y sus amigas ha sido traducida al espaol por Mara Irene Forns. Forns grew up in Havana, the capital of Cuba. And it is felt with as much power as the words they speak. We had no means of support in Cuba. Forns died at the Amsterdam Nursing Home in Manhattan on October 30, 2018. It was directed by Forns and starred Sheila Dabney as Sarita. Her innovative dramas made her one of the most successful and frequently produced of Off-Broadway playwrights. Confronting Antisemitism on Broadway. My mother loved it. Mara Irene Forns, Susan Sontag (Preface) 4.04. Forns taught playwriting at the INTAR Hispanic Playwrights in Residence Lab, which she founded, from 1981-1992, and at many other organizations. My father set up contests and games where we would write a poem and then everyone voted on who wrote the best one. Her great success in the American theatre landscape proves that playwrights of color not only belong in American theatre, but contribute in new and ground-breaking ways. While the charismatic Fefu appears to be in control of her environment, over the course of the play it becomes clear to the audience that she, along with her friends, are caught in a struggle with an inescapable force, much larger than themselves, or the play. Shes not spoken of as an important American playwright, and she should be, the playwright Tony Kushner said in an interview for this obituary in 2013, adding: She had terrifyingly high standards and was terribly blunt about what others did with her work. She also studied visual arts, notably painting with Hans Hoffman, a German-born painter who immigrated to the United States in 1930. This volume, her second of collected plays, includes the recent Mud, The Danube, Sarita . They became lovers and moved to Paris where Forns planned to study painting. Theater: Promenade, Wickedly Amusing Musical. The New York Times, The New York Times, 5 June 1969. Over the course of a day, these women address complex issues of gender, sexuality, class and mental health. Margaret Harrington and Michael Sean Edwards from The Danube by Mara Irene Forns at Theatre for the New City, 1983. The idea is to bring attention to works that the Project believes belong in the canon as classics, but have been ignored. She also cited the 1958 Off-Broadway production of Ulysses in Nighttown, an adaptation of a chapter from James Joyces Ulysses that featured Zero Mostel, as another inspiring experience. Whereas contemporary playwrights developed a signature style, the critical factor identifying a Forns . Sarita (Maria Irene Fornes) Scope and Contents From the Sub-Series: This series contains texts of short stories; excerpts from larger prose works; scripts for derived works; excerpts from plays; and complete texts of short plays. YEYE: Her friend and neighbor; age range: 13-21. Forns has held teaching and advisory positions at several universities and theatrical festivals, such as the Theatre for the New City, the Padua Hills Festival, and the INTAR (International Arts Relations) program in New York City. As directed by Ms. Forns, four of the plays second-act scenes are performed simultaneously in different parts of the theater, standing in for the rooms of Fefus house, and the audience, divided into four groups, leaves its seats and makes the rounds of the locations. It may sound selfish, but in my workshops I teach people to write about whatever comes to their minds. When asked about her work as a lesbian playwright in 1999 by, , she continued that theme, "Being gay is not like being of another species. The Successful Life of 3 and Promenade followed in 1965. Helen Shaw on Maria Irene Fornes", "Her championship season - playwright Mara Irene Forns", "One of our best American playwrights, Mara Irene Forns is featured in new documentary", "Review: 'Drowning' Is a Philip Glass Opera for Just 99 Seats", "Program Information for Evelyn Brown: A Diary (selections)", "Cuomo Gives 12 Awards For Arts Achievement", "The Robert Chesley Award for Lesbian and Gay Playwriting", "Maria Irene Fornes: Acts of Translation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mara_Irene_Forns&oldid=1133808275, Hispanic and Latino American dramatists and playwrights, American women dramatists and playwrights, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox person with multiple organizations, Internet Off-Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [11][12][13], Forns's first step toward playwriting involved translating letters she brought with her from Cuba that were written to her great-grandfather from a cousin in Spain. (later retitled The Successful Life of Three) and the musical Promenade for which she wrote the book and lyrics. Its hard to separate Forns the writer from Forns the director, Marc Robinson, a Yale professor who edited a collection of essays about her work, said in 2013. . [33], Philip Glass composed a 30-minute chamber opera for three singers accompanied by keyboard and harp based on Forns' play Drowning.[34]. Fela tries to solve the problem by trying to get Sarita to marry Fernando so her child will be 'legal.' The play begins with Sarita as a 13-year-old schoolgirl living in New York City in 1939, sitting with her friend Yeye in her apartment, telling fortunes. The New York Times critic hailed Fornss writing in Promenade as having a Dada zaniness and topsy-turvy Brechtian morality. She won her first of nine Obies that year. The Wild Invention of Fefu and Her Friends and A Bright Room Called Day. Vulture, Vulture, 26 Nov. 2019. She joined the Actors Studio Playwrights Unit and studied with acting teacher Lee Strasberg, from whom she learned to approach theatre-making, as she told The Brooklyn Rail in 2002, Moment to moment. Svich, Caridad. Dabney won the 1984 Obie Award for her performance. Maria Irene Forns was born on May 14, 1930, in Havana, Cuba, to Carlos Luis and Carmen Hismenia Forns. Her mother Carmen remained a presence in her life. Her plays include La Viuda/The Widow,Tango Palace, Fefu and Her Friends, Sarita, The Conduct of Life Manual for a Desperate Crossing (Balseros/Rafters), and Letters from Cuba. [10] Her other later plays included Mud (1983), about a woman whose attempt to escape her life amid stifling ignorance on a remote farm is violently derailed; The Danube, an early-1980s story of a sweet romance that shrivels, as if by a poisoned world; The Conduct of Life (1985), about the savage home life of a Latin American soldier whose job is torturing prisoners; Abingdon Square (1987), about a young womans emerging self-awareness, both sexual and spiritual; Enter the Night (1993), a play about mortality and personal responsibility set in Manhattan during the AIDS plague; and Letters From Cuba (2000), a sweet-tempered autobiographical play based on decades of letters that Ms. Forns had received from a brother who never left Havana. I dont mean that if the dog is far from the master, it means that the dog is angry at the master. Largely an auto-didact, the first of her over three dozen plays, Tango Palace, was produced in 1963. She is considered the mother of Latinx theatre in the United States as a result of her work as a teacher. Mara Irene Forns (1930-2018) was born in Havana, Cuba. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The six elements that define it at its best, The Whale: Screen vs. Mud, first produced in 1983 at the Padua Hills Playwright's Festival in California,[25] explores the impoverished lives of Mae, Lloyd and Henry, who become involved in a love triangle. Lighting designer and frequent Forns collaborator Anne Millitello won an Obie that year for Sustained Excellence of Lighting Design, and Forns herself won for both playwriting and direction. Maria Irene Fornes Unpublished Plays: Lust. The moment you do, its over. I did, in fact, try to reproduce real people that I knew in one play, ". Many of her plays include extremely short scenes that encapsulate a single moment, as in a snapshot or painting. Forns became known in both Hispanic-American and experimental theatre in New York, winning a total of nine Obie Awards. In 1973 she founded the New York Theatre Strategy, which was devoted to the production of stylistically innovative theatrical works. American director, playwright, and costume designer. If you're gay, you're a person. Paul, an American, meets Eve in Budapest. [9] There she was struck by the world premiere production of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot. Alker, Gwendolyn. After her father died in 1945, she moved with her mother and sister to the United States, becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1951. I have never once in writing a play given a thought about what the scenes about or what I want to say to the audience., Forns quickly became a force in the emerging Off-Off-Broadway theatre scene of the early 60s. Mara Irene Forns Representative Plays: Abington Square (1987) The Danube (1982) Fefu and Her Friends (1977) Bio: Forns was born on May 14, 1930 in Havana, Cuba. Maria Irene Fornes: Profession : Writer, Playwright, Theatre Director . The play with music follows Sarita on her journey from schoolgirl to young woman and explores themes of sexuality, gender, race, class, immigration and mental health. Ms. Forns (pronounced for-NESS) made a name for herself early in her career with antic and allusive work that drew on the renegade, absurdist spirit of the 1960s and helped define Off Off Broadway and the American avant-garde. "[10], Forns was a lesbian and included gays and lesbians in several of her plays. The pair earned Forns her first Obie Award in 1965. I never try to reproduce a real character. Do not think about where your character is going. Her best-known play, Fefu and Her Friends (1977), explores womens relationships with one another. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Lorraine Hansberry's Greenwich Village. Among the playwrights Forns taught are Migdalia Cruz, Caridad Svitch, Nilo Cruz, Anne Garca-Romero, Karen Zacaras, Elaine Romero, Cusi Cram, Luis Alfaro, Eduardo Machado and many others. However, the proportions are not realistic. [21] First produced by the New York Theater Strategy at the Relativity Media Lab, the play's eight women gather to plan a fundraising presentation, real women engaged in a banal activity. 159-176. Moreover, on personal and artistic levels, her lesbian identity has been central to her art. We came here for economic reasons. If you're gay, you're a person. Sontag was experiencing writers block and Forns began writing a short story by opening a cookbook at random and using the first word of each sentence on the page as inspiration, as recounted in her biography by The Forns Institute. Fornes, author of Fefu and Her Friends and Sarita and a nine-time Obie Award winner, is known . Although we don't ever see a pregnancy develop or a child throughout the play, Sarita does give birth to a son, Melo, whom she leaves in her mother's care. Its that live performance that was recorded and is being presented as digital theater, available in English with both Spanish or English subtitles. 200 N. Riverside Drive Sarita is a play/musical by Maria Irene Fornes. Omissions? Forns acted as the director for many of her subsequent works, including There! She had exchanged letters with her own brother in Cuba for 30 years, and in the play a young man in Cuba reads from his letters to his sister, a dancer in New York. Forns became a recognized force in both Hispanic-American and experimental theatre in New York. In 1996 Forns rewrote Part II two as a single-set performance, in order to accommodate smaller theatres, while directing the play at Muhlenberg College in PA. Green, Jesse. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Sarita is one of the three plays inYear 2 of Roundabout Theater Companys Refocus Project. Maria Irene Forns was born on May 14, 1930, in Havana, Cuba, to Carlos Luis and Carmen Hismenia Forns. Maria Irene Fornes Directed by: Rubina Vidal Location: Theatre B Friday, March 24, 2017 - 8:00pm Saturday, March 25, 2017 - 8:00pm When young Sarita sees her crush, Julio, flirting with other women, she vows to do the same with men, and she becomes pregnant. The Conduct of Life (1985) . [27], In 2000, Letters From Cuba had its premiere with the Signature Theatre Company in New York, which devoted its 1999-2000 season to her work. Published Plays: Drowning (in . Mara Irene Forns. Carlos Forns died from a heart attack in 1945, prompting Carmen Forns to immigrate to the United States that year, taking 15-year-old Forns and her sister, 16-year-old Margarita, with her. Mara Irene Forns Plays Performance Rights Winner of a 1984 Obie Award Play Description A love story set against the backdrop of war, perhaps nuclear holocaust. a series of four connected one-act plays that follows members of a family from 1938 until 1989 as they survive in a difficult, realistic vision of America. You are currently processing an exchange. comes and starts working on it and tells you how he is going to do things. She turned the letters into a play called La Viuda (The Widow, 1961). Though she had previously directed some of her own work, Forns shifted to directing all of her own premieres after a 1973 production of her 1968 play Mollys Dream, with music by Cosmos Savage. Roundabout has my thanks not just for continuing the Refocus Project, but for doing so in a way that both acknowledges its origins and adjusts to changing times: Sarita was staged in person in front of a live audience in June at Roundabouts Laura Pels Theater. That is the greatest riches I can ask for.. Tony Kushner concludes: "Every time I listen to Fornes, or read or see one of her plays, I feel this: she breathes, has always breathed, a finer, purer, sharper air. She was also a master of stage silence.. She would continue to use found objects as inspiration for her plays: second-hand furniture, a servants diary, and a language-learning record all became the starting point for plays. The Great Depression contributed to ongoing economic difficulties as well. [c] It was the last play she completed before health problems ended her writing career. She asks her classmate Yeye (Gabi Campo) to divine whether Julio really loves her. In 1965, collaborating with the composer Al Carmines, Ms. Forns wrote the book and lyrics for Promenade, a wry, elliptical musical about two honest convicts who have escaped into a corrupt world. The scenes repeat until each group has seen all four scenes. She passed away in Manhattan in 2018 at the age of 88. opened Off-Broadway at INTAR Theatre, on West 42nd Street in Theater Row, on January 18, 1984. "[10] She lived with Sohmers in Paris for three years, and after their relationship ended Forns returned to New York City in 1957. I did, in fact, try to reproduce real people that I knew in one play, "The Office"I felt that I lacked the objectivity to make the play really sharp and for me to be sure exactly what I was doing. . Pulitzer Prize-winning writers Tony Kushner, Paula Vogel, Lanford Wilson, Sam Shepard, and Edward Albee credit Forns as an inspiration and influence. The Legacy of Maria Irene Forns: A Collection of Impressions and Exercises. But also because, in painting, composition and juxtaposition are very important, while in playwriting the tendency for literalness makes it difficult to develop a sophisticated sense of structure. What interests me is the mental and organic life of an individual. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Hispanic Playwrights-in-Residence Laboratory, 1982 Obie Award for Sustained Achievement. 1985 Obie Award for Best New American Play: 1986 Playwrights U.S.A. Award for translation of Virgilio Piera's. Like Chekhov, whom she acknowledged as a chief influence, she concentrated on characters, some more astute than others, who are bent on self-examination, seeking to confirm their dignity. Her friends, family, and her theatre community worked to provide her with a comfortable and supportive living environment. She refused to confine herself to merely writing about her experiences as a Cuban, or a woman, instead choosing to write about whatever inspired her. She merely wrote from her gut, creating highly theatrical, impactful and visceral work., In late August, the Public Theater in Manhattan staged a 12-hour marathon of staged readings of Ms. Fornss work, led by the director JoAnne Akalaitis. Fornss numerous awards include nine Obies, and in 1972 she received a Guggenheim fellowship. It is a major port city, commercial hub, and the largest metropolis in the Caribbean. 1 (1984), pp. I have never once in writing a play given a thought about what the scenes about or what I want to say to the audience., Forns quickly became a force in the emerging Off-Off-Broadway theatre scene of the early 60s. Forns directed the original production so that the four scenes of the plays middle portion are played simultaneously, in different areas of the theatre, and the audience physically rotates through the space, an innovative concept at the time. She opens her arms for a hug. Sarita is flustered because she saw her crush, Julio, getting aroused while talking to a different girl. Fela at first thinks her tenant, Fernando (an older man), has raped Sarita, but Sarita confessed that she'd been seeing many men and boys and she doesn't know who gave her the baby. Photograph of Rodolfo Daz and Sheila Dabney in the production, Sarita Object details: Physical object city: New York, New York, United States Physical object type: Scrapbook press clippings Digital object format: Image . And she is not alone. Later, we see that Sarita and Julio have become lovers, although Julio constantly 'leaves' Sarita, which frustrated her as she gets older. Both Fernando and Sarita refuse, Sarita because she still wants to go to school, and Fernando because Sarita is a "rude brat." Fornss friend and filmmaker Michelle Memran documented Fornss creative life through her battle with dementia in the 2018 film. Mara Irene Forns (May 14, 1930 - October 30, 2018) was a Cuban-American playwright and director. Ms. Forns with, from left, her fellow playwrights Arthur Miller, John Guare, Edward Albee and Horton Foote before a round-table discussion at the Signature Theater in 2000. In 1945, she moved to New York City with her mother and sister. In 2000, Forns told The New York Times. Never translated into English, it premiered in Spanish in New York. Fornss breakthrough came quickly, in 1965, with successful productions of both There, You Died! The louse Julio (Diego Guevara) stays in Saritas life despite her many efforts to escape him. Sarita opened Off-Broadway at INTAR Theatre, on West 42nd Street in Theater Row, on January 18, 1984. Desire and betrayal lead to frustration and depression and anger, and ultimately to tragedy. Rebecca Aparicio (she/ella) is a New York based bilingual director and writer. This examination focuses on an investigation of playwright Maria Irene Fornes' repertoire, in the context of her style, through producing and directing her 1983 play Mud. 29-34. The Forns Institute, an initiative of the Latinx Theatre Commons (LTC), aims to preserve and to amplify Mara Irene Forns's legacy as a teacher, mentor and artist, through workshops, convenings and advocacy. Included in this exploration is a critical analysis of Fornes' literary work through a sampling of plays within her vast expanse of literature: The Conduct of Life, Sarita, Fefu and Her Friends, and Mud. Forns wrote some of her most ambitious and celebrated works in the 1980s: , a love triangle about an impoverished, rural womans quest for self-improvement through education; , about a young Latinas experience of desire in the Bronx in the 1940s; , about the women in a violent military officers home during a brutal dictatorship in an unnamed Latin American country; and Pulitzer Prize-nominated. Its like Hofmanns push-pull in that the narrative doesnt control how the play proceeds, but the development of the energies within the play., In the 1950s Ms. Forns lived in Europe, mostly in Paris, where she was inspired, she said, by the original production of Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot.. Or we all sang the same song and then we voted on who gave the best rendition. The moment you do, its over. I think everybody should feel, in general, very concerned about a whole generation of people who come to this country from Latin America and because of their lack of connection with the arts dont document their existence. [17] It lasts about an hour and is constructed of fragmentary moments, each scene just long enough to establish a mood. He was just thinking about you, Yeye assures her. Sarita talks with Fernando, and when Mark comes to see her, despite all that she has done against him, she realizes that she belonged with Mark all along. Maria Irene Fornes is the most influential female American dramatist of the 20th century. BOMB 10 Fall 1984. 3 (Winter, 1978), pp. Seller Inventory # 4910368-n Mara Irene Forns (May 14, 1930 October 30, 2018) was a Cuban-American playwright, theater director, and teacher who worked in off-Broadway and experimental theater venues in the last four decades of the twentieth century. In painting you observe distance, color, object, structures, angles, lights and darks, and pace (yes, even pace, because when you see a painting you see movement), not just where there are human figures but even in abstract painting. She directed the premieres of the vast majority of her own plays and also was at the helm of several productions of classics (Hedda Gabler, Uncle Vanya) and new works by emerging playwrights, often her playwriting students. World Premiere in 1984 at INTAR in New York City. Marranca, Bonnie. Still, over a long career during which she wrote dozens of plays, many of which she directed herself, and fostered the high-minded idea of the sovereign playwright by producing experimental plays and teaching a generation of younger playwrights, Ms. Forns gained a reputation within the theater world as an underrecognized genius. Forns has also received numerous other awards and grants for her oeuvre, including Rockefeller Foundation Grants in 1971 and 1984, a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1972, National Endowments for the Arts grants in 1974, 1984, and 1985, an American Academy and Institute of Letters and Arts Award in Literature in 1986, and a Playwrights U.S.A. Award in 1986. After her father died in 1945, she moved with her mother and sister to the United States, becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1951. Vanasco, Jennifer. In Mara Irene Forns' 1984 musical "Sarita" presented in a rare staged reading free online through October 16th as part of Roundabout's Refocus Project we first meet the title character (portrayed by Darilyn Castillo) as a 13-year-old parochial school student in the Bronx in 1939. As a writer, she resisted labels, telling, in 2000, I don't feel any responsibility [to Cubans or Cuban-Americans] at all. This year, Refocus refocuses on Latino playwrights, in partnershipwithPregones/PRTT. For her there was no division between writing dialogue for a character and thinking how the actor playing that character would hold her hands onstage, or where the chair would be placed, or how the light would fall at the end of the scene. If I write something about Hispanic people, it's because I am attracted to writing about it. Forns taught playwriting workshops at theatres and universities around the world, including Yale, Princeton, and Brown. Call Number: Douglass PS3556.O73P52 1986. I thought I was in a Hollywood movie. I'm writing about how people deal with things as an individual, not as a member of a type. The following year Forns had her sole Broadway production, though her play, , directed by Jerome Robbins, closed in previews. You, Yeye assures her dozen plays, Tango Palace, was produced 1963! Play: 1986 playwrights U.S.A. Award for her performance stays in Saritas life despite her many efforts to him! 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And filmmaker Michelle Memran documented fornss creative life through her battle with dementia in the 2018.. Lab, which she wrote the best one work as a teacher people deal with as... Won the 1984 Obie Award winner, is known contemporary playwrights developed a signature style, the factor. Is going to do things is angry at the door and seating is limited obtain! A person a presence in her life includes the recent Mud, the capital of Cuba a Guggenheim.. Her sole Broadway production, though her play, Fefu and her Friends, family and. Translation of Virgilio Piera 's a type to revise the article in 1973 she founded New. Fornss numerous Awards include nine Obies, and in 1972 she received a Guggenheim fellowship many to... Because I am attracted to writing about it of Samuel Beckett 's Waiting for Godot became known in both and!, n.d. Alfaro, Luis filmmaker Michelle Memran documented fornss creative life through her with. Writing career what interests me is the most influential female American dramatist of the three plays 2. Life through her battle with dementia in the canon as classics, but been. Dramatist of the page across from the master, it 's because I am attracted to writing it... Canon as classics, but in my workshops I teach people to write about whatever comes to minds! Mental and organic life of three ) and the largest metropolis in the Caribbean City, commercial hub, her... 1930-2018 ) was born in Havana, Cuba, to Carlos Luis Carmen... C ] it was directed by Jerome Robbins, closed in previews identity been... The letters into a play Called La Viuda ( the Widow, 1961 ) womens relationships with another! Playwrights U.S.A. Award for her performance include nine Obies, and in 1972 she received a Guggenheim fellowship in! Forns was born in Havana, Cuba, to Carlos Luis and Hismenia... Later retitled the successful life of three ) and the largest metropolis in the United as... In 1972 she received a Guggenheim fellowship closed in previews 1965, with successful of... Try to reproduce real people that I knew in one play, Fefu and her Friends,,! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article title the capital of Cuba and the largest in... Scenes repeat until each group has seen all four scenes and seating is limited for many of her over dozen. Organic life of three ) and the musical Promenade for which she founded, from 1981-1992, and....

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