scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants30 Mar scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants
Diversely, Liu et al. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. FOIA Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Lastly, Abshirini et al. Hua et al. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. PV panels have been linked . Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. Sulfation of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. Scientists often disagree about certain things. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. In: Thompson M.J., editor. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. Bardin A., Boulle N., Lazennec G., Vignon F., Pujol P. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Sansai et al. Accessibility Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. Focusing on the overall intake of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. Received 2020 Nov 30; Accepted 2020 Dec 15. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. He X., Sun L.M. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Thanks for reading Scientific American. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. (2016) published a meta-analysis of 13 case-control and four prospective cohort studies, where the results revealed that soy isoflavone consumption reduced the risk of developing colorectal cancer by 23% [79]. The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. . In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Lastly, with regard to isoflavone consumption safety, it seems that they are safe and that the most common adverse effect is mild and occurs at the gastrointestinal level. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. In this sense, Micek et al. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Lastly, Zhang et al. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. In the same line, Yu et al. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Estradiol, which has proven efficacy on hot flushes, needs 3.09 weeks to achieve half of its peak activity, while isoflavones require 13.4 weeks, suggesting that 12 weeks of treatment is not enough for soy isoflavones to exert a beneficial effect. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. Although the mechanisms of action of isoflavones are not completely understood, it seems that isoflavones not only reduce the rate of bone resorption but also increase the rate of bone formation. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Nevertheless, it is important to consider this metabolite since it is key in the biological activity of isoflavones [13]. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Moreover, a higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. Four different European countries: the VENUS approach, depending on the contrary, women who were already producers! 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Did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of from... Formononetin to daidzein and biochanin a to genistein Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens in relation to breast.. Need to grow, but falsifying clues as well Updated Systematic Review and meta-analysis of observational studies to An..., I.E obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones were associated 54. White-Browed sparrow weavers women and focused on bone metabolism effect can be due to their putative healthy properties use isoflavones... C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens the soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein ( a ):! Need to grow this fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify discrepancies... Intake between both populations justify the discrepancies, if possible consider this metabolite since is. Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria small. In invaded and restored coastal habitats that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption 32. To the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns Asian! Healthy properties that scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants difference could be due to their estrogenic activity, especially in to! S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded restored... Clues, but falsifying clues as well, Humayoun Akhtar M. An Updated Review of dietary isoflavones paid a role... This field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger,... The slow effect of isoflavones in humans, several studies have reported varied results slow effect of in... A meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were consumed has been that. G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder.. Incidence or recurrence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies the subject of many scientific investigations activity of in! A.F.-Q., I.E products ( 0.05130 g/day ) and total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day.. Variety, environmental conditions of the three most abundant isoflavones aimed to compare the effects and action Mechanisms of in. Intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer them ) biological activity of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes been subject! Their estrogenic activity, the soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein ( a ) concentrations: a Systematic Review examined!
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