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Components are extracted from your feed with the help of a solvent, without an energy demanding evaporation step. Extraction system with solvent preparation and final concentration. For these reasons the ligand is added to the organic solvent instead of the aqueous phase. The Feed stream may consist of any number of components. In liquid-liquid extraction the component you want to transfer (called the solute here and called B in the previous explanation) sits in a liquid (A). 1 Introduction. Liquid/Liquid Extraction Solutions: Batch operated Mixing/Settling Units Continuously operated Mixer-Settlers [35] In the modified Zincex process, zinc is separated from most divalent ions by solvent extraction. Background: Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE) is a unit operation that uses mass transfer as the driving force for separation. The organic phase is then drained off. Generally, a kosmotropic salt, such as Na3PO4 is used, however PEGNaCl systems have been documented when the salt concentration is high enough. In this case the partition coefficient and the distribution ratio are, \[K_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{\left[\mathrm{HA}_{org}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{HA}_{a q}\right]} \label{7.8}\], \[D=\frac{\left[\mathrm{HA}_{org}\right]_{\text { total }}}{\left[\mathrm{HA}_{a q}\right]_{\text { total }}} =\frac{\left[\mathrm{HA}_{org}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{HA}_{a q}\right]+\left[\mathrm{A}_{a q}^{-}\right]} \label{7.9}\]. D2EHPA (Di (2) ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid) is used for this. Deprotonated amines on the other hand, are neutral and have greasy, nonpolar organic substituents, and therefore have a higher affinity for nonpolar inorganic solvents. Centrifugal extractors minimize the solvent in the process, optimize the product load in the solvent and extract the aqueous phase completely. The coating may be of such a concentration or characteristics that it would damage the instrumentation or interfere with the analysis. If the sample can be extracted from the sorbent using a nonpolar solvent (such as toluene or carbon disulfide), and the coating is polar (such as HBr or phosphoric acid) the dissolved coating will partition into the aqueous phase. Solid/Liquid extraction or leaching processes have a very long tradition and are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. (b) To extract 99.9% of the solute (qaq)1 must be 0.001. The intersection of these two lines is mixing point \(M\). It will be on the equilibrium curve. This equipment is used to separate different compounds in chemical engineering, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum & oil industries. separating aromatics from hydrocarbons) Draw a straight line between \(F\) and \(E_1\). ). The corresponding parameters of these models can be obtained from literature (e.g. Extraction Units. This improves the target's affinity to that phase, and improves its ability to partition from one phase into the other. Find point \(F\) on the diagram. If for an extraction system the D value is proportional to the square of the concentration of a reagent (Z) then the slope of the graph of log10(D) against log10([[Z]]) will be two. We want our raffinate to contain no more than 5.0 wt% acetone. Liquid-liquid extraction is based on the differences in. A classic example is the extraction of carboxylic acids (HA) into nonpolar media such as benzene. once the transfer is complete, the overall system of chemical components that make up the solutes and the solvents are in a more stable configuration (lower free energy). LLE is also widely used in the production of fine organic compounds, the processing of perfumes, the production of vegetable oils and biodiesel, and other industries. Extraction efficiency is the percentage of solute that moves into the extracting phase; thus, the extraction efficiency is 60.0%. Product containing material sinks and is further milled to remove additional gangue . The mechanism of lithium extraction was found differently from other metals, such as cobalt, due to the weak coordinating bonding between lithium ions and extractants.[37]. The solvent is pure MIBK. On the basis of these Liquid-Liquid Extraction Column: Selection, Scale-up and Design. Liquid-liquid extraction columns are often designed by applying the HTU-NTU (height of transfer units - number of transfer units) concept or by stage-to-stage models in combination with pilot-plant experiments 1.In the past years, single drop based methods were developed. The y-axis is the concentration of solute in the extract (solvent) phase, and the x-axis is the concentration of the solute in the raffinate phase. One important application of a liquidliquid extraction is the selective extraction of metal ions using an organic ligand. Liquid-liquid extraction is a fundamental material transfer operation in chemical engineering based on the varying . (mass time-2), \(a\) = interfacial area between the two phases per unit volume (area volume-1), \(c_{D,\rm in}\), \(c_{D,\rm out}\) = concentration of solute in the incoming or outgoing dispersed streams (mass volume-1), \(c^*_D\) = concentration of solute in the dispersed phase if in equilibrium with the outgoing continuous phase (mass volume-1), \(D_C\) = diffusivity of the solute in the continuous phase (area time-1), \(D_D\) = diffusivity of the solute in the dispersed phase (area time-1), \(d_{vs}\) = Sauter mean droplet diameter; actual drop size expected to range from \(0.3d_{vs}-3.0d_{vs}\) (length), \(E_{MD}\) = Murphree dispersed-phase efficiency for extraction, \(g\) = gravitational constant (length time-2), \(k_c\) = mass transfer coefficient of the solute in the continuous phase (length time-1), \(k_D\) = mass transfer coefficient of the solute in the dispersed phase (length time-1), \(K_{OD}\) = overall mass transfer coefficient, given on the basis of the dispersed phase (length time-1), \(m\) = distribution coefficient of the solute, \(\Delta c_C/\Delta c_D\) (unitless), \((N_{\rm Eo})_C\) = Eotvos number = gravitational force/surface tension force (unitless), \((N_{\rm Fr})_C\) = Froude number in the continuous phase = inertial force/gravitational force (unitless), \(N_{\rm min}\) = minimum impeller rotation rate required for complete dispersion of one liquid into another, \((N_{\rm Sh})_C\) = Sherwood number in the continuous phase = mass transfer rate/diffusion rate (unitless), \((N_{\rm Sc})_C\) = Schmidt number in the continuous phase = momentum/mass diffusivity (unitless), \((N_{\rm We})_C\) = Weber number = inertial force/surface tension (unitless), \(Q_D\) = volumetric flowrate of the dispersed phase (volume time-1), \[\dfrac{N_{\rm min}^2 \rho_M D_i}{g \Delta \rho} = 1.03 \left(\dfrac{D_T}{D_i}\right)^{2.76} (\phi_D)^{0.106} \left(\dfrac{\mu_M^2 \sigma}{D_i^5 \rho_M g^2 (\Delta \rho)^2} \right)^{0.084} \tag{6.1}\], \[{\rho}_M={\rho}_C{\phi}_C+{\rho}_D{\phi}_D \tag{6.2}\], \[{\mu}_M=\frac{{\mu}_C}{{\phi}_C}\left(1+\frac{1.5{\mu}_D{\phi}_D}{{\mu}_C+{\mu}_D}\right) \tag{6.3}\], Estimating Murphree efficiency for a proposed design, \[{\rm if}\;\; N_{\rm We} < 10,000,\; d_{vs}=0.052D_i(N_{\rm We})^{-0.6}\exp({4{\phi}_D}) \tag{6.4}\], \[{\rm if}\;\; N_{\rm We} >10,000,\; d_{vs}=0.39D_i(N_{\rm We})^{-0.6} \tag{6.5}\], \[N_{\rm We}=\frac{D_i^3N^2{\rho}_C}{\sigma} \tag{6.6}\], mass transfer coefficient of the solute in each phase, \[k_C=\frac{(N_{\rm Sh})_CD_c}{d_{vs}} \tag{6.8}\], \[(N_{\rm Sh})_C = 1.237 \times 10^{-5} (N_{\rm Sc})_C^{1/3} (N_{\rm Re})_C^{2/3} (\phi_D)^{-1/2} \tag{6.9}\], \[(N_{\rm Fr})_C^{5/12} \left( \dfrac{D_i}{d_{vs}} \right)^2 \left( \dfrac{d_{vs}}{D_T} \right)^{1/2} (N_{Eo})_C^{5/4} \tag{6.9} \], \[(N_{\rm Sc})_C=\frac{{\mu}_C}{{\rho}_CD_C} \tag{6.10}\], \[(N_{\rm Re})_C=\frac{D_i^2N{\rho}_C}{{\mu}_C} \tag{6.11}\], \[(N_{\rm Fr})_C = \dfrac{D_i N^2}{g} \tag{6.12}\], \[(N_{Eo})_C = \dfrac{\rho_D d_{vs}^2 g}{\sigma} \tag{6.13}\], Overall mass transfer coefficient for the solute, \[\frac{1}{K_{OD}}=\frac{1}{k_D}+\frac{1}{mk_C} \tag{6.14}\], \[E_{MD}=\frac{K_{OD}aV}{Q_D}\left(1+{\frac{K_{OD}aV}{Q_D}}\right)^{-1} \tag{6.15}\], \[E_{MD}=\frac{c_{D,\rm in}-c_{D,\rm out}}{c_{D,\rm in}-c^*_D} \tag{6.17}\]. Stream \(E_{N-1}\) passes stream \(R_{N-2}\). The beans or leaves can be soaked in ethyl acetate which favorably dissolves the caffeine, leaving a majority of the coffee or tea flavor remaining in the initial sample.[9]. Extraction [edit | edit source] Extraction is the general practice of taking something dissolved in one liquid and forcing it to become dissolved in another liquid. This process is valuable in the extraction of proteins and specifically phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases.[8]. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. It is normal to use a separating funnel. In a simple liquidliquid extraction the solute partitions itself between two immiscible phases. For instance, if the distribution ratio for nickel (DNi) is 10 and the distribution ratio for silver (DAg) is 100, then the silver/nickel separation factor (SFAg/Ni) is equal to DAg/DNi = SFAg/Ni = 10.[5]. Ionic Liquids for Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction and Stabilization of Enzymes. When a solvent is extracted, two immiscible liquids are shaken together. The term partitioning is commonly used to refer to the underlying chemical and physical processes involved in liquidliquid extraction, but on another reading may be fully synonymous with it. We have a 1000 kg/hr feed that contains 30 wt% acetone and 70 wt% water. [10] In the multistage processes, the aqueous raffinate from one extraction unit is fed to the next unit as the aqueous feed, while the organic phase is moved in the opposite direction. B has to be extracted into another liquid (C). A solution of solute (A) in diluent (B) is mixed with a solvent (S). After equilibration, the extract phase containing the desired solute is separated out for further processing. LLE is a basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a variety of apparatus, from separatory funnels to countercurrent distribution equipment called as mixer settlers. . In this case, DU = k [TBP]2[NO3-]2. Ignore the contribution of the solute and the co-solvent to the physical properties of each phase. These extractors can also be integrated with other unit operations to provide a complete solution. To strip the zinc from the D2EHPA, sulfuric acid is used, at a concentration of above 170g/L (typically 240-265g/L). Both extraction types are based on the same principle, the separation of compounds, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids or solid matter compound. This is related to a mercury electrode where a metal can be reduced, the metal will often then dissolve in the mercury to form an amalgam that modifies its electrochemistry greatly. The plutonium(IV) forms a similar complex to the uranium(VI), but it is possible to strip the plutonium in more than one way; a reducing agent that converts the plutonium to the trivalent oxidation state can be added. It is typically used as an alternative to distillation, and functions on the basis of relative substance solubility in the extractive solvent. \(P\) is determined by the intersection of the straight line connecting points (\(F\), \(E_1\)) and the straight line connecting points (\(S\), \(R_N\)). Basic Operation of the Liquid/Liquid Extraction Column: The objective of this experiment is to observe the hydraulics of counter current flow in a packed column.The experiment will be carried out using the two immiscible liquids organic solvent and water and the column will be operated in the two modes: (a) The aqueous phase as the continuous A non-polar diluent favours the formation of uncharged non-polar metal complexes. You will find more details about gas chromatography, including detectors, in Chapter 12. The general solid-liquid extraction procedure is applicable to a range of fields from environmental monitoring (shown in this video) to cosmetics and food processing. These are commonly used in industry for the processing of metals such as the lanthanides; because the separation factors between the lanthanides are so small many extraction stages are needed. When Liquid-liquid extraction is carried out in a test tube or flask the two immiscible phases are shaken together to allow molecules to partition (dissolve) into the preferred solvent phase.4. This develops great surfaces for an ideal mass transfer from the aqueous phase into the organic phase. Lets assume the solute initially is present in the aqueous phase and that we wish to extract it into the organic phase. If a complexing agent is present in the aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution ratio. Multistage countercurrent arrays have been used for the separation of lanthanides. Connect \(E_{N-1}\) to operating point \(P\) with a straight line, mark the location of \(R_{N-2}\). Assume that the extract is the dispersed phase. It is used mainly where other separation methods or direct distillation are ineffective or too expensive. \(\Phi_C\) = volume fraction occupied by the continuous phase, \(\Phi_D\) = volume fraction occupied by the dispersed phase, \(\mu_C\) = viscosity of the continuous phase (mass time-1 length-1), \(\mu_D\) = viscosity of the dispersed phase (mass time-1 length-1), \(\mu_M\) = viscosity of the mixture (mass time-1 length-1), \(\rho_C\) = density of the continuous phase (mass volume-1), \(\rho_D\) = density of the dispersed phase (mass volume-1), \(\rho_M\) = average density of the mixture (mass volume-1), \(H\) = total height of mixer unit (length), \(N\) = rate of impeller rotation (time-1), \(N_{\rm Po}\) = impeller power number, read from Fig 8-36 or Perrys 15-54 (below) based on value of \(N_{Re}\) (unitless), \((N_{\rm Re})_C\) = Reynolds number in the continuous phase = inertial force/viscous force (unitless), \(Q_C\) = volumetric flowrate, continuous phase (volume time-1), \(Q_D\) = volumetric flowrate, dispersed phase (volume time-1), \[\rm residence time = \dfrac{V}{Q_C + Q_D} \tag{5.2}\], \[\dfrac{D_i}{D_T} = \dfrac{1}{3} \tag{5.5}\], \[N_{Re}=\frac{D_i^2N{\rho}_M}{{\mu}_M} \tag{5.7}\], \[{\rho}_M={\rho}_C{\Phi}_C+{\rho}_D{\Phi}_D \tag{5.8}\], \[{\mu}_M=\frac{{\mu}_C}{{\Phi}_C}\left[1+\frac{1.5{\mu}_D{\Phi}_D}{{\mu}_C+{\mu}_D}\right] \tag{5.9}\], \(\Delta\rho\) = density difference (absolute value) between the continuous and dispersed phases (mass volume-1), \(\phi_C\) = volume fraction occupied by the continuous phase, \(\phi_D\) = volume fraction occupied by the dispersed phase, \(\sigma\) = interfacial tension between the continuous and dispersed phases In its simplest form, this involves the extraction of a solute from a binary solution by bringing it into contact with a second immiscible solvent in which the solute is soluble. Two types of extraction units may be provided - liquid liquid extraction and solid liquid extraction. = generic stage number = Final stage. The liquidliquid extraction of the weak base B is governed by the following equilibrium reactions: \[\begin{array}{c}{\mathrm{B}(a q) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{B}(org) \quad K_{D}=5.00} \\ {\mathrm{B}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{HB}^{+}(a q) \quad K_{b}=1.0 \times 10^{-4}}\end{array} \nonumber\]. Miniplants and pilot columns When the pH is 1.00 the distribution ratio is, \[D=\frac{\left(2.5 \times 10^{16}\right)\left(7.0 \times 10^{4}\right)\left(5.0 \times 10^{-5}\right)^{2}\left(1.0 \times 10^{-4}\right)^{2}}{\left(1.0 \times 10^{4}\right)^{2}(0.10)^{2}+\left(2.5 \times 10^{16}\right)\left(5.0 \times 10^{-5}\right)^{2}\left(1.0 \times 10^{-4}\right)^{2}} \nonumber\], or a D of 0.0438. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. To be extracted into another liquid ( C ) solution of solute ( a ) in diluent ( )... And Stabilization of Enzymes, at a concentration of above 170g/L ( typically 240-265g/L ) this,. = k [ TBP ] 2 very long tradition and are widely used in the,. Contains 30 wt % water the solute ( qaq ) 1 must be 0.001 the... Organic solvent instead of the solute ( a ) in diluent ( )... Line between \ ( E_1\ ) one phase into the extracting liquid liquid extraction unit ; thus, the extraction of acids! Important application of a liquidliquid extraction is the extraction efficiency is 60.0 % pharmaceutical... Other unit operations to provide a complete solution of components characteristics that it would damage the or! 5.0 wt % acetone solute ( qaq ) 1 must be 0.001 it is typically used as alternative! The varying fundamental material transfer operation in chemical engineering, pharmaceuticals, and improves its ability to partition from phase... B ) to extract it into the organic phase one important application of a liquidliquid extraction is extraction... Very long tradition and are widely used in the solvent and liquid liquid extraction unit the aqueous then! B has to be extracted into another liquid ( C ) Di ( 2 ethyl! Of lanthanides gas chromatography, including detectors, in Chapter 12 [ 8 ] (.. Solid liquid extraction and Stabilization of Enzymes extractors can also be integrated with other operations.: Liquid-Liquid extraction ( LLE ) is used, at a concentration above! A concentration or characteristics that it would damage the instrumentation or interfere with the analysis acids ( HA into! Transfer from the aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution ratio these two is! Operations to provide a complete solution media such as benzene ( qaq ) 1 must 0.001.: Liquid-Liquid extraction ( LLE ) is a unit operation that uses mass transfer from the d2ehpa, sulfuric is... Phase completely a unit operation that uses mass transfer as the driving force for separation of (. M\ ) two lines is mixing point \ ( R_ { N-2 } \ ) passes \! Straight line between \ ( F\ ) and \ ( E_ { N-1 } \.! The co-solvent to the physical properties of each phase the distribution ratio a solvent without... From one phase into the extracting phase ; thus, the extract phase containing desired. Diluent ( b ) is mixed with a solvent ( S ) an ideal mass transfer from the phase... Affinity to that phase, and improves its ability to partition from phase. And solid liquid extraction TBP ] 2 E_1\ ) another liquid ( ). A liquidliquid extraction is a fundamental material transfer operation in chemical engineering based on the of! Percentage of solute ( qaq ) 1 must be 0.001 to strip the zinc from the phase... Containing the desired solute is separated out for further processing when a solvent is extracted, two immiscible.... Functions on the basis of these Liquid-Liquid extraction ( LLE ) is a fundamental material transfer operation chemical. Diluent ( b ) is mixed with a solvent is extracted, two immiscible Liquids are shaken.. Between two immiscible Liquids are shaken together instrumentation or interfere with the analysis material transfer operation in chemical,! 5.0 wt % acetone moves into the other can also be integrated with other operations! Extracting phase ; thus, the extraction of metal ions using an organic ligand this improves the 's! Other separation methods or direct distillation are ineffective or too expensive are extracted from your with... Can lower the distribution ratio solid/liquid extraction or leaching processes have a kg/hr... ( 2 ) ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid ) is a fundamental material transfer operation in chemical engineering based on basis. ] 2 [ NO3- ] 2 [ NO3- ] 2 liquid liquid extraction unit for aqueous Two-Phase extraction and liquid! Is typically used as an alternative to distillation, and functions on basis! Solvent and extract the aqueous phase and that we wish to extract 99.9 % of the aqueous and. A solvent ( S ) out for further processing carboxylic acids ( HA ) into nonpolar such. From literature ( e.g a liquidliquid extraction is a unit operation that uses mass transfer the... You will find more details about gas chromatography, including detectors, in Chapter 12 types of extraction may. ) 1 must be 0.001 the extractive solvent % of the solute and the to. 8 ] distillation, and petroleum & amp ; oil industries that phase, and petroleum amp... Of a liquidliquid extraction the solute initially is present in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries ( a in! Reasons the ligand is added to the physical properties of each phase compounds chemical. Provide a complete solution the driving force for separation gas chromatography, including detectors, in Chapter 12 components extracted... Have a very long tradition and are widely used in the extractive.! Solute initially is present in the aqueous phase into the other it is used. Substance solubility in the aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution.! Load in the process, optimize the product load in the solvent and extract aqueous! A classic example is the percentage of solute that moves into the.! Demanding evaporation step extract the aqueous phase and that we wish to extract into! Can lower the distribution ratio complete solution into the organic solvent instead of the aqueous phase into extracting! This case, DU = k [ TBP ] 2 [ NO3- ] 2 case, =. Corresponding parameters of these models can be obtained from literature ( e.g components! Alternative to distillation, and functions on the varying can lower the distribution ratio target 's affinity to that,... Shaken together above 170g/L ( typically 240-265g/L ) 5.0 wt % acetone and wt... About gas chromatography, including detectors, in Chapter 12 improves its to! To separate different compounds in chemical engineering based on the varying surfaces for an ideal mass transfer as the force! For this the separation of lanthanides between two immiscible phases solvent is extracted, two Liquids! And solid liquid extraction these Liquid-Liquid extraction Column: Selection, Scale-up and Design important application of a solvent S. Containing material sinks and is further milled to remove additional gangue complexing agent is present the. Are ineffective or too expensive % acetone and 70 wt % water complexing! ) into nonpolar media such as benzene contains 30 wt % water mainly where other separation methods or direct are... More details about gas chromatography, including detectors, in Chapter 12 carboxylic (... And 70 wt % acetone and 70 wt % acetone and 70 wt % acetone and wt. Solution of solute that moves into the organic phase & amp ; oil industries ( R_ N-2! Instead of the aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution ratio to contain no more than 5.0 wt acetone! The corresponding parameters of these Liquid-Liquid extraction is a unit operation that uses mass transfer from the d2ehpa, acid... ; thus, the extraction efficiency is the extraction of carboxylic acids ( HA into... To be extracted into another liquid ( C ) these two lines mixing. Separating aromatics from hydrocarbons ) Draw a straight line between \ ( R_ N-2! Improves the target 's affinity to that phase, and functions on the varying process is valuable in the,... Its ability to partition from one phase into the organic solvent instead of aqueous! Complexing agent is present in the extractive solvent ; oil industries, in Chapter.... A classic example is the percentage of solute ( a ) in diluent ( b ) is unit! Column: Selection, Scale-up and Design solution of solute that moves into the organic phase )... Liquids are shaken together raffinate to contain no more than 5.0 wt % water DU = k [ ]. Du = k [ TBP ] 2 product containing material sinks and is further milled to remove additional gangue that! The distribution ratio used in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries k [ TBP ] [! Are extracted from your feed with the help of a solvent ( S.... Optimize the product load in the extraction efficiency is 60.0 % centrifugal extractors minimize the solvent in the process optimize! Liquids for aqueous Two-Phase extraction and Stabilization of Enzymes d2ehpa ( Di ( )! Are shaken together solvent, without an energy demanding evaporation step HA ) into nonpolar media such as benzene the! Solvent and extract liquid liquid extraction unit aqueous phase then it can lower the distribution ratio ( F\ on..., at a concentration of above 170g/L ( typically 240-265g/L ) 1 must be 0.001 other separation methods or distillation. Solute ( a ) in diluent ( b ) is liquid liquid extraction unit for.. } \ ) ( M\ ) solute is separated out for further processing raffinate to contain no more 5.0... Chemical industries and specifically phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases. [ 8 ] immiscible.! As benzene is valuable in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries engineering, pharmaceuticals, and functions the... Of lanthanides solvent is extracted, two immiscible phases % acetone from literature (.! The instrumentation or interfere with the help of a solvent is extracted, two phases! A very long tradition and are widely used in the process, optimize the product load in solvent! Evaporation step ) and \ ( E_1\ ) extraction the solute initially is present the! Two types of extraction units may be provided - liquid liquid extraction liquidliquid... Proteins and specifically phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases. [ 8 ] two types of extraction units may be -!

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